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A textbook is a manual of instruction or a standard book in any branch of study. They are produced according to the demand of educational institutions. Although most textbooks are only published in printed format, many are now available as online electronic –books, or e-books. Texts specifically designated for educational purposes were written in ancient Greece. The modern textbook has its roots in the standardization made possible by the printing press. Johann Gutenberg himself may have printed editions of Ars Minor, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus. Early textbooks were used by tutors, teachers, who used the books as instructional aids (e.g. alphabet books) and individuals involved in autodidacticism. Compulsory education and the subsequent growth of schooling in Europe led to the printing of many standardized texts for children. Textbooks have become the primary teaching instrument for most children since the 19th century. Two textbooks of historical significance in United States schooling were the 18th century New England Primer and the 19th century McGuffey Readers. As of 2007, the four largest college textbook publishers in the United States were Pearson, Cengage Learning, McGraw-Hill, and Houghton-Mifflin. In addition, other large publishers include EMC Paradigm; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Jones and Bartlett; Bedford, Freeman, and Worth Publishing Group; F. A. Davis; W. W. Norton; and others.
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